• Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Era

"Shakespeare and the Elizabethan World View: Religion, Politics, and Society"

In the annals of literary history, William Shakespeare is a colossus, his works transcending time and geography. To understand Shakespeare’s writings, one must delve into the Elizabethan worldview, a tapestry interwoven with religion, politics, and societal norms of the late 16th and early 17th centuries in England.

This essay explores how these elements are reflected in Shakespeare's plays, offering a window into the Elizabethan era.

Religion in the Elizabethan Era

The Elizabethan era was marked by religious upheaval. The Reformation had established Protestantism, yet Catholic undercurrents persisted. This religious dichotomy is evident in Shakespeare’s works. For instance, in "Hamlet," the ghost's reference to purgatory reflects Catholic beliefs, which contrast with the Protestant skepticism of such a concept. Similarly, "Measure for Measure" deals with themes of morality and justice, influenced by the era's religious ethos. Shakespeare, through his nuanced portrayal of religious themes, navigates the complexities of this religious landscape, neither endorsing nor condemning either viewpoint.

Politics and Power

The reign of Elizabeth I was characterized by political intrigue and consolidation of power. Shakespeare's plays frequently delve into the dynamics of power and governance. "Macbeth" exemplifies the catastrophic consequences of political ambition, while "King Lear" showcases the tragic breakdown of royal authority and family bonds. The political landscape of Elizabethan England, fraught with intrigue and succession crises, is mirrored in these narratives. Shakespeare's portrayal of monarchs and nobles is not merely dramatic; it reflects the era's political machinations and the precarious nature of power.

Societal Norms and Class Structure

Elizabethan society was highly stratified, with rigid class structures. This stratification is vividly depicted in Shakespeare’s plays. "Romeo and Juliet," for instance, not only explores the theme of forbidden love but also comments on societal divisions. The Capulets and Montagues, both noble families, are embroiled in a feud reflective of the era's class tensions. In "The Merchant of Venice," the character of Shylock, a Jewish moneylender, highlights the period's religious and social prejudices. Shakespeare's exploration of gender roles, particularly the portrayal of strong female characters like Lady Macbeth and Portia, also reflects the evolving roles of women in Elizabethan society.

The Cosmic Order and the Great Chain of Being

Central to the Elizabethan worldview was the belief in a cosmic order, often referred to as the Great Chain of Being. This hierarchical structure extended from God and angels down through humans to animals and inanimate objects. Disorder in any part of this chain was thought to cause chaos in the entire system. This concept is evident in "Macbeth," where the natural order is disturbed by Macbeth's regicide, leading to chaos and tragedy. Similarly, in "King Lear," the disruption of familial and societal order leads to catastrophe. Shakespeare’s works often revolve around the restoration of this cosmic order, aligning with the Elizabethan belief in harmony and balance.

Conclusion

Shakespeare's works are a testament to the complexity of the Elizabethan era. His plays, while timeless in their exploration of human nature, are deeply rooted in the context of his times. The religious ambiguities, political tumult, societal structures, and the overarching belief in a cosmic order are all intricately woven into his narratives. Understanding these elements not only enriches our appreciation of Shakespeare’s genius but also provides a lens through which to view the tapestry of Elizabethan England. Shakespeare, thus, is not just a playwright for the ages but also a chronicler of his time, capturing the essence of the Elizabethan world view in his immortal works.